帮助学生完成写作过程的13个策略

写作不是存在于真空中。这是听和说的自然延伸，对任何语言都是如此，但对说其他语言的人和正在学习英语的人来说同样如此。由于口语和书面语之间的联系，在你的ESL学生写作时运用这些技巧将有助于他们顺利地完成写作过程。通过帮助你的学生运用他们在英语学习中获得的口语和听力技能，他们会发现写作并不像看起来那么不可能。Writing does not exist in a vacuum. It is a natural extension of listening and speak- ing, true in any language, but no less true for speakers of other languages and those in the process of learning English. Because of that spoken-written word connection, engaging these skills in your ESL students when they write will help them move smoothly through the writing process. By helping your students en- gage the oral and aural skills they have acquired in their studies of English, they will find that writing is not as impossible as it might otherwise seem.

PREWRITING 构思

写作前是写作过程中的一个阶段，作者在这个阶段为写作产生想法。对于ESL学习者来说，这也是一个生成词汇和语法结构的机会，这将是撰写特定主题所必需的。 Prewriting is the stage of the writing pro- cess when the writer generates ideas for his writing. For ESL learners, this is also an opportunity to generate vocabulary and grammatical structures that will be necessary for writing on a particular topic.
有时，你的学生在小组中会更成功。其他时候，他们可能需要你的帮助，因为他们产生他们的想法。有时你可能会发现，你的指导足以让他们朝着正确的方向前进，然后他们就能独立工作了。关键是要灵活，读懂你的学生。这里有一些你可以做的事情来开始写作。 At times, your students will be more successful in groups. Other times they may need your assistance as they generate their ideas. You may find at times your di- rection is enough to set them going in the right direction, and then they will be able to work independently. They key is to be flexible and read your students. Here are some things you can do to get the writing process started.

1  ASK QUESTIONS 提问

通过提问来引出学生的词汇和语法结构。这不仅能提高他们的说话能力，还能让他们思考。Ask questions to help elicit vocabu- lary or grammatical structures from your students. This will engage their speaking abilities as it gets them thinking, too.

2  CREATE A WORD BANK 创建词库

作为一个班级，一起创建一个与他们要写的主题相关的词库。你可以选择在教室里展示这些题库，或者鼓励你的学生把它们记在词汇笔记本上。Work together as a class to create a word bank that relates to the topic on which they will write. You may choose to display these work banks in your class- room or encourage your students to keep them in a vocabulary notebook.

3  DRAW PICTURES 画图

当较低的语言熟练程度可能会抑制你的学生表达想法的能力时，通过让学生画出他们的想法来回避这个问题。他们以后在写作时会用这些图片，而不是笔记。When lower language proficiencies may inhibit your students’ ability to articu- late ideas, sidestep the issue by asking students to draw pictures of their ideas.
They will later use these pictures, rather than notes, when they write.

4 GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS 图形化组织

给你的学生一个空白的模板来组织他们的写作想法可能足以让他们开始。模拟填写一份表格，然后看看他们在为他们要写的内容制定计划时能做些什么。Giving your students a blank template to organize their writing ideas may be just enough to get them going. Model filling one out, and then see what they can do as they make a plan for what they will write.

5  PRELIMINARY RESEARCH 初步探究

在网上、书中或与受访者一起做调查可能是你的学生需要找到有用的词汇或确定回答问题的正确格式。在他们坐下来写作之前，给他们时间准备，特别是如果你要给他们关于所学内容的作文问题。Doing research on the web, in books or with interviewees may be what your students need to find useful vocabu- lary or to determine the correct format for answering a question. Give your class time to prepare before they sit down to write especially if you are giving essay questions on content material they have learned.

ORGANIZING 组织

在写作过程的第二阶段，学生将把他们在第一步中产生的想法，并开始把它们放在他们的逻辑位置上，这将成为他们的作文。再一次，给你的学生一个说话和准备写作的机会是关键。在组织阶段尝试这些策略中的任何一个。In the second stage of the writing pro- cess, students will take the ideas they generated in the first step and start put- ting them into their logical positions in what will become their composition. Again, giving your students a chance to speak and prepare for writing is the key. Try any of these strategies in the organi- zation phase.

6  TOPIC SENTENCES 主题句

让你的学生选择一个或多个他们在写作前阶段产生的想法。然后让他们用一句话向读者介绍这个想法。向他们解释这是一个主题句，他们可以用它来开始他们的写作段落。然后让他们在这个句子下面组织关于这个主题的信息。到了写作的时候，他们会把这些信息包含在主题句的段落中。Ask your students to choose one or more ideas they generated in the prewriting stage. Then have them write one sentence that introduces that idea to their readers. Explain to them that this is a topic sentence, which they can use to start a paragraph in their written pieces. Then have them organize any informa- tion about that topic under that sentence. When it is time to write, they will include that information in the paragraph with that topic sentence.

7  GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS 图形化组织

让你的学生在文字之外思考，把他们的想法写在纸上。使用流程图，项目符号列表，气泡图或其他显示想法之间关系的组织方式，让你的学生在物理页面上列出他们的想法。当要写的时候，他们只是顺着自己的想法写下去。 Let your students think outside the words and put their ideas into place on the physical page. Using a flow chart, bullet point lists, bubble map or other organizers that show the relationship between ideas, have your students lay out their thoughts on the physical page. When it is time to write, they simply follow their ideas along the page.

8 OPEN ENDED QUESTIONS 开放式问题

问学生一些引导性的问题或者开放式的问题可以帮助他们在开始写作之前充实自己的想法。当学生选择了一个主题，例如企鹅，挑战他们回答以特殊疑问词(who, what, where, when, why, how)开头的问题。Asking your students leading ques- tions or open ended questions will help them flesh out their ideas before they be- gin to write. When students have chosen a topic, penguins for example, challenge them to answer questions that begin with the journalistic words (who, what, where, when, why, how).

• Who studies penguins?
• What do penguins eat? How do they spend their time? Where do they live?
• Why do penguins do the things they do?

如果你让学生成双成对地互相问这些类型的问题，当他们组织他们的想法时，他们会得到对话和语法练习的双重好处。If you have pairs of students ask each other these types of questions, they will get the double benefit of conversation and grammar practice while they are organizing their ideas.

WRITING 写作

当你的学生进入五步写作过程的写作阶段时，确保他们明白草稿不是最终的作文。当学生在书面草稿中追求完美时，结果往往是瘫痪。相反，提醒你的学生写作是一个过程，他们将有机会在这个过程中发现并纠正他们的错误。现在，他们的目标是把一些东西写在纸上。 When your students enter the writing phase of the five step writing process, make sure they understand that a draft is not the final composition. When students strive for perfection in a written draft, the result is often paralysis. Instead, remind your class that writing is a process, and they will have an opportunity to find and correct their errors later in the process. Right now, their goal is to get something written out on the page.

9  FILL INS 连贯

在主题句、论文陈述和过渡中使用填空模板可能会对学生写论文初稿有所帮助。当你给他们语法和组织时，他们可以在写作时把所有的精力都投入到内容中。  Using a fill in the blank template for topic sentences, thesis statements and transitions may help your students as they write the first draft of their essays.
When you give them the grammar and the organization, they can put all of their energy into the content as they write.

10 ORGANIZERS 组织者

同样地，学生在组织阶段使用的图形组织和模板将会对他们在这一阶段写作所需的词汇和内容有更全面的掌握。Similarly, students working off the graphic organizers and templates they used in the organization stage will have a more thorough grasp of the vocabulary and content that they will need to write at this stage.

EDITING 编辑

在编辑过程中，作者寻找主要的交际缺口在他们的电子邮件说。当你的学生编辑他们的作文时，鼓励他们注意写作元素，如论文陈述、内容发展、介绍和结论。 In the editing process, writers look for major communicative gaps in their es- says. When your students edit their compositions, encourage them to pay attention to writing elements such as thesis statements, content development, introductions and conclusions.

11 PEER EDITING 合作批改

在写作过程中，同伴编辑是ESL学生最好的资源之一。给每个学生签一个合作伙伴，让那个人在文章中寻找具体的问题，这对你的学生来说是一次无价的经历。鼓励每个人去寻找任何意义上的断裂，组织上的混乱，或者在作文中没有完全解决的话题。Peer editing is one of the best resources for ESL students at this point in the writing process. As- signing a partner to each student and asking that person to look for specific issues in the essay can be a priceless experience for your students. Encourage each person to look for any breakdown in meaning, confusion in organization, or topics that are not fully addressed in the composition.

REWRITING 重写

在写一篇完整的文章时，重写和其他步骤一样重要。在这里，你的学生将查找语法、句子结构、单词选择、拼写和标点符号方面的错误。Rewriting is just as important as the rest of the steps in writing a complete piece. Here your students will look for errors in grammar, sentence structure, word choice, spelling and punc- tuation.

12  DICTIONARY USE 词典使用

字典对ESL学生来说是一个巨大的资源。无论他们使用的是双语词典还是英语词典，检查拼写和误用单词或单词形式都可以在这里完成。 Dictionaries are a tremendous resource for ESL students. Whether they use a bilingual dictionary or an English only version, checking for spelling and misuse of words or word forms can be done here.

13  SENTENCE COMBINATIONS  句子组合

这也是一个观察你的学生最常使用的句子结构的好时机。很可能，他们会过于依赖简单的句子，所以在这里介绍一个快速的语法复习，将句子与协调连词和使用关系从句结合起来是完美的。 This is also a good time to look at the sentence structure your students are using most often. Likely, they will be relying too heavily on simple sentences, so a quick grammar review on combining sentences with coordinating conjunctions and using relative clauses is perfect to introduce here.

你的学生会发现，他们写的最好的作文是通过了这五个步骤中的每一个，有些甚至不止一次。Your students will find that the best compositions they write take them through each of these 5 steps, and some more than once.

当你鼓励说、语言使用、词汇发展和语法考试时，你的学生会发现写作的过程可能不像他们曾经认为的那样令人生畏! WHEN YOU ENCOURAGE SPEAKING, LANGUAGE USE, VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT, AND GRAMMAR EXAMINATIONS, YOUR STUDENTS WILL FIND THAT THE PROCESS OF WRITING MAY NOT BE AS INTIMIDATING  AS THEY ONCE THOUGHT IT WAS!